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Century Danish

Relations between Ukraine and Norway until the 9th to the 20th century

Background

In this article we present a revised text of the Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, research. This research explores the relations with Ukraine through Norway a decade of centuries.

Several facts are presented, but there are several legends and myths that contribute to the history of communication and relationship between the two countries. We must be aware that some of the sagas and legends are not supported by written documents found in Ukraine, we must pay attention to the strength of the relationship was over time. But the fact is that the Ukrainians and the Norwegians have maintained a close and the mixture of the two countries is clearly documented and is still ongoing.

My interest in this country began first in a strict sense of business and later evolved to become involved on a personal level that I met my wife present in Ukraine. His mind led me to write these words and find as much information as possible about the relationship between the two countries, since I myself am a Norwegian.

The increasing globalization of the world take part in the current program and possible, in fact this mixture between the countries, which increases both in private and commercial. The Ukraine is developing rapidly in the provider of high technology and agricultural products worldwide. Besides foreign investors to find the country of interest because it flourishes in its market economy.

Introduction

It is possible to trace the relations between Ukraine and Norway the land of a thousand years back in time. We will try to give an idea of these relationships, the founder of Rus until the establishment of independent Ukraine in 1991.

Vikings in Rus.

Scandinavians played a key role in formation of the state of Kiev in the first place. In the 8th to 14th centuries Scandinavian people were called Normans. The famous chronicle "The Tale of recent years, contains a legend on the ancient Slavic tribes invite the Varangian Rus to achieve and become their rulers. Varangians Varyags or concerns now as Variagians were Scandinavians who migrated eastwards and south by what is now Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. The legend tells of three brothers - and Truvada Sineus Rurik Rus who came and began to reign in cities of Novgorod Slavs and Bilozir Izborsk. The youngest brother died, and all power over the tribes of northern Slavic East Slavs and was transferred to Rurik Krivichs. There is no doubt the historical existence of Rurik, and according to history, came to Rus with family and wife. Rurik is considered as the founder of the princely dynasty of Rus. The establishment of Rurik in northern Rus result of an agreement with the tribes of the confederacy Novgorod ..

We know that we called the Varangian Rus south to participate in military campaigns. Military assistance is required primarily for military action Foreign Kievan Rus. Some of these campaigns are those of Oleg, Igor and Vladimir Bysantium, war of Yaroslav the Wise, with the Pechenegs. The citation also used to classify the relationship between the princes. The texts of 907, 911 and 944 treaties between Russia and testify that among those sent Bysantium Rusian were people with Scandinavian names. The Scandinavian Rus were used not only as warriors engaged, but also as diplomats.

Several versions exist historical science in regard to the considerable participation of the Danes and Swedes in the Rus-Scandinavian links medieval. There are also fewer made the relationship between Kievan Rus and Norway. An example of this is archaeological discoveries, such as silver coins Nesbu is in Norway, which were minted in Kievan Rus at the time of Vladimir and Yaroslav.

Trading

Trade between Russia and Norway were less extensive than those of Denmark and Sweden, and poorly reflected in written sources. The Icelandic sagas contain only two live recordings Travel business Norwegians Rus. One of them mentions a Norwegian merchant seaman Gudleik of AGDA, who has often traveled to the ancient Russian for what was called Gudleik Russia. "Olav Tryggvason Saga said a large cargo of silk, probably bought land in Rusian and took in his boat Norway. Kievan Rus' was mainly used by the medieval Norwegian territory as a transit of goods from the Middle East.

There is every reason to believe that the Norwegians travel to the Baltic Rus continued in ages 7 and 13. A law passed by King Magnus of Norway in 1276, says that at the time of the creation of law, the Norwegians his business trips to countries along the Baltic coast, including Gardariki which is the same that Rus.

Other evidence of the existence of specific exchanges between Russia and Norway is that the decade of small coins Norwegian found in ten sites in Eastern Europe, fifteen coins were found in seven sites in the territory of Rus. Ten pieces of belonging age at the 3rd Harald (year 1047-1066), two were struck during the reign of Olav Kyrre (years 1066-1093), the rest are undated, (Century 9)

Political relations.

Of considerable interest is the history of relations between the Prince of Kiev Vladimir the Great (980-1015) and Norway. According to current data, could have fought the Norwegian Erik Prince. The young Prince Olav Tryggvason, the nephew of Vladimir Sigurd, and his mother took refuge in Kiev. Olav Sigurd rescued 9-year-old, who has been kept in the Baltic countries, and led to the court of Grand Duke Vladimir. Prince Olav is a faithful servant to Vladimir, but has been defamed and was forced to resign. A few years later, possibly with the help of Prince Vladimir, Erik dethroned, making him fly to Sweden to become the king of Norway. Later started fighting with the Prince Vladimir, north of the western lands of Russia. The war lasted four years and resulted in him being driven away.

The maintenance by Prince Vladimir of traditionally good relations with the Scandinavian countries seems quite logical, because the Rurik dynasty, to which he belonged, Scandinavian origin. Among the many women of Vladimir was a Scandinavian Born - Rogneda - whom he married in 977. Good relations with the Scandinavian countries with Prince Vladimir ensure stability of north-western borders of Russia and is used mainly for its local tactics.

According to old Scandinavian sources, Olav Haraldsson also called the St. Olav (years 995-1030), who was king of Norway from 1014 to 1028, lives in Rus since autumn 1029 until spring 1030. The opposition politicians in Norway face with the King of England and Denmark, Canute the Great, who also sought power in Norway. Olav has been defeated in the war against Denmark and forced to flee to Sweden, and the Rus. St. Olav was married to Astrid, the sister of Yaroslav the Wise Ingigerd wife. It is known that Ingigerd convinced her husband to promote Magnus Olavs', who was in Kiev at left Olav Kievan Rus.

Therefore, Magnus Olavsson, the future king of Norway (1035-1047) and Denmark (1042-1047) also known as Magnus the Good, spent at least five years his life in the Rus. Later, members of the nobility Norway arrived in Kiev and took him back to Norway. Some sagas contain evidence of Yaroslav and active participation in raising Ingigerd Magnus to the throne of Norway.

The sagas also speak of (1046-1066 King of Norway Harald Euler hard) two visits to Kiev. In 1031 he began his "journey eastward Gardariki Jarisleiv King, where he lived for several years (ca 1034-1043) in Kiev in the court Yaroslav the Wise, and according to Snorri Sturluson, served as chief of the escort. Harald then spent several years working for the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh. Returning to Kiev in 1043, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise.

Harald Joy wrote the song in tribute to Elizabeth, daughter of King Yaroslav he asked in marriage. Note that this type of lyric love poems not typical for the works of Scandinavian burns. A translation in Ukraine was made by the famous Ukrainian poet Ivan Franko.

Harold and Elizabeth had two daughters - Mary and Ingigerd. This marriage strengthened the ties between the Kievan Rus and Norway, and has resulted in a temporary alliance between the powerful Earl Harald and Svein Ulfsson, The future Danish king.

The assistance provided by Harald Yaroslav the Wise, that is, to preserve their treasure, which provides temporary shelter and help plan your trip Harald to the motherland on the one hand, and promote a political alliance between Harald and Magnus enemies of the king by his marriage with Elizabeth, on the other hand, resulted in an agreement between Magnus and Harald to divide the state Norway.

Elizabeth is still Queen of Norway for over 20 years - since the winter of 1043/1044 at the death of Harald September 25, 1066 at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. He later married the Danish king Svein.

The fact that the Russian written sources of information on the presence of the Rus Scandinavian will not mention the names of the kings of Norway, who served Russian princes, and their children who were brought there, shows a strong overestimation in the sagas of their role in the Rus. In addition, the life of the kings of Norway in Rus is described in the sagas shorter - a few words in general. It is quite possible that Due to the lack of specific information and the tendency of authors of the sagas to exaggerate the importance of the Scandinavian Rus noble. However, despite the lack of information on Russian sources, there is evidence of their presence in the Rus. The reason for such an assertion is hot verses laconic content, but provides reliable factual information.

The relations between Kievan Rus and Scandinavia have been particularly strong in the Grand Duchy of Mstislav Vladimirovich (1125 to 1132). For his mother was a descendant of the family of a famous English Royal. His first wife, Christina is the daughter of Swedish King Ingi Steinkelsson. Mstislav married daughters Norway Sigurd (Sigurd Jordsalsfare), Erik the Dane, and Knut Obodritsky respectively. Malmfrid probably not more than 15 years when he came to Norway Sigurd. After Sigurd's death married the Danish Prince Erik Ermune and then also later became the queen of Denmark.

In describing relations between Ukraine and Norway during the late Middle Ages, we must bear in mind that after the Union Kalmar in 1397, Denmark, Sweden and Norway formed a State triunion ruled by Danish kings. In 1523, Sweden withdrew from the Union after the European Union witch was in Denmark and Norway. In addition, in 1536, Norway has lost its internal self-government and became part of the power of the Danish kingdom. However, despite its political subordination to Denmark in the XV-XVII centuries Norway continued to be a de facto independent state with its own economy and the merchant class who were pursuing their own interests. At the same time, it is noted that during this period there was virtually no relationship between the land of Ukraine and Norway.

The socio-political relations during 1762-1917

In this period the situation in these two regions was very similar: the area in the center of Christiania (Oslo future) was part of the kingdom Swedish, Danish, while land along the upper Dnieper basin belonged to the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) and the Russian Empire. Only in 1905, Danish Prince Carl, guided by the provisions of the Treaty of Karlstad became king of Norway under the name Haakon VII, and some 10-15 years later, the State training process began around "the mother of Russian cities.

The above processes have an impact on the overall situation of relations between the two countries. Until late 14th century Norwegian home as their primary interest in the field of water from the Kara Sea and White, Russia and Great Duchy submitted Finland and the Arkhangelsk province.

The Norwegians in Ukraine

Steven Christian (1781-1863), a leading botanist, a Swede with a Norwegian background. Born in Finland, studied in St. Petersburg. Her first major task was the Director of the newly Nikita Botanical Garden near Yalta. Also contributed greatly to the creation of the Development of Magarach School (1828), after the death of Marshal von Biberstein in 1826 was in charge of sericulture in the region. In 1841, Steven became a chief inspector of agriculture in the region.

In 1853, a Ukrainian city of Izmail was visited by the Director of the Department of Geographical Norway, Professor Hansteen, who was working on measuring the arc of the meridian of the Earth.

It is also necessary to mention the cultural influence of Norway in the region. In especially in 1874, audiences in Odessa and Yalta had the opportunity to enjoy (1840-1911 Johan Svensen's) 'Carnival at the Opera Paris and the legendary symphonic Zorah.

Twenty years later, the southern provinces have been visited by the future Nobel laureate and author of "The Faery Knut Hamsun" during his trip to the Caucasus.

In 1910, Christian Sinding arrived in Odessa, in this regard, the book has musical Russian wrote in its edition No. 12: "On January 29 the Russian Imperial Society held its meeting musical VII Symphony led by the Norwegian composer outstanding and conductor Christian Sinding, with the participation of the pianist Karl Nissen. The program has only been in the music written by the illustrious guest IE-bemolle Symphony # 1, D-piano concerto with the orchestra director, with variations of "Fate" and "Infinity Rondo" for large orchestra. Sinding was warmly welcomed by the public, and received a standing ovation. "

Norway Colonel Petersen, a member of the Russo-Turkish of the late 18th century as a witness and chronicler Kuchuk signing the peace treaty that launched the inclusion of property Crimean Kainardji communities Land of St Petersburg at the time.

Joseph Swimmer, a Swedish-Norwegian by the Fund, was in charge of the province of Tavria. During his travels along the Black Sea coast attracted most of the local magnates alongside Ekaterina II. Swimmer collected, cataloged, and described a large collection of Tatar-Arabic letters and was the author of letters to Count Grigory Potemkin on the general living conditions of population and climate in Crimea.

Members Baggovut noble family, a Norwegian descent, in addition to being the owners of breweries and farms in Eastland and relevant descendants of the Rector of the University of Uppsala Svebelius (Julia Fedorovna Baggovut) also took part in the battle against Ackendorf May 1807 the army Napoleon. One of the streets of Kiev was named Baggovutivska.

The famous Norwegian author Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson had numerous contacts with writers and journalists from Ukraine, for example, Roman Sembratovich, Yaroslav Fedorchuk and Volodymyr Kushnir. Taras Shevchenko Academy of Sciences Lviv was a large collection of Bjørnson written in Russian, German and Czech. But famous writers such as Ivano Franko and Mykhailo Pavlyk also translated his writings in the Ukrainian language. Bjørnson wrote a series of articles in the European press, where he spoke on behalf of Ukraine. He strongly condemned a decree issued by Tsar Alexander II, which introduced a ban on the use of Ukrainian language in literature in translation and in the theater.

The 20th century

In the early days of World War I (1914-1918) in the Galician city of Lviv, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a group of migrants from the upper regions of the Dnieper, was not part of the political "Union for the Liberation of Ukraine". The political platform of the national independence of Ukraine, the form of constitutional monarchy government. The union believes it is necessary to inform the public of neutral in the war in the Balkans and Scandinavia, on the themes of liberation of Ukraine and other nations slaves of the Russian empire.

For this purpose assigned ULU Norway Nazaruk Osip his envoy, who met the President of the Storting J. Løvland Ihlen and Foreign Minister and discussed with them the war Ukrainians and attitude toward it. Because Ossip Nazaruk a series of articles on the issues of Ukraine was on Morgenbladet Norwegian.

B> links between Ukraine and the Norway during the period of the Soviet Union.

Very few facts and evidence are the relations between Ukraine and Norway in the Soviet time. Famine in Ukraine 1921-1922 evokes the movement of solidarity with the people starving in the Scandinavian countries. In Norway, this movement has taken the form of stirring public charity called the weeks and months, the procedure that were directed to the starving in Ukraine and the region Volga. The organization includes occasional fundraisers, individual donations and subscriptions income individuals systematically.

However, the creation 1923 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Soviet communication took almost an end in Ukraine with the global community - the different Diplomatic missions of Ukraine have been closed, and the entire international activity has been taken by the People's Commissariat for Business Foreign Soviet Union.

The Norwegian polar explorer, scientist and humanist Fridtjof Nansen was High Commissioner of International Red Cross, which provides assistance to people affected by famine in Ukraine 1921-23. Nansen done much to inform Europe about the famine in Ukraine, and the money raised for relief efforts. He also used the money he won the Nobel Peace work help. On January 23, 1923 Nansen reached the city of Kharkiv to discuss with the Soviet government of Ukraine plans to fight against hunger. Mission Nansen's Set a series of orphanages and provided scholarships for students and professors from the University of Kharkiv. Nansen also imposed a number of model farms - the most famous of them in the city of Kharkiv and Dnipropetrovsk Mykhailovka between. In these farms was introduced modern technology and the principles of agriculture.

Later, during the Second World War in 1944, Ukraine regained its lost status by passing the Law on the Establishment of People's Commissariat for Business Foreign Soviet Republic of Ukraine (1946 - Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Under this law, the Constitution of Ukraine was amended by section 15-B, which establishes the right of the Soviet Republic of Ukraine to participate directly in international relations. However, given the totalitarian nature of the existing political regime of the Soviet Union, the previous documents proved to be a mere formality.

During the Second World War, a considerable number of prisoners of war has found the Ukraine in the labor camps in Norway. Many of these people were contacted or helped in various ways by the civilian population of Norway. Soviet troops took part in the liberation Norway in 1944-45.

Only in 1991, after Ukraine gained independence and entered the international arena rather than relations between Ukraine and Norway are beginning to improve. In 1992, Ukraine and Norway established diplomatic relations.

This article was prepared by members of the Institute of History of Ukraine to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, then translated and published by the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Kiev.

About the Author

Stig-Arne Kristoffersen
A Globetrotter
www.lulu.com/stig
www.travate.com
www.real-bahrain.com

19th Century Danish lego Army by Piotr Napierała II

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